如何选择合适的浪涌保护器？（中英文）

浪涌保护器对于保护电器设备免受雷击、线路故障或开关故障引起的电压尖峰损害至关重要。它可以将过高的电压分流出去，从而保护电脑、电视和家用电器等精密电子设备。

A surge protective device is essential for safeguarding electrical equipment from voltage spikes caused by lightning, faulty wiring, or switching. It diverts excess voltage away, protecting sensitive electronics like computers, TVs, and appliances.

选择合适的浪涌保护装置 (SPD) 和保护断路器需要考虑与 SPD 类型、断路器布置和风险评估相关的各种参数。

Choosing the right surge protective device (SPD) and protective circuit breakers involves considering a wide range of parameters related to types of SPDs, circuit breaker arrangements, and risk assessment.

如何选择浪涌保护器：三个注意事项

How to choose a surge protector: Three considerations

既然已经确定浪涌保护器 (SPD) 应该是防雷系统的核心，那么现在就该考虑如何选择合适的浪涌保护器了。说起来容易做起来难。以下是一些选择浪涌保护器 (SPD) 的经验法则：

1. 熟悉浪涌保护器的类型或类别。

2. 评估雷击风险和放电容量。

3. 使用合适的设备保护浪涌保护器本身。

要保护配电盘，只需安装一个放电容量 In>5kA (8/20) 的 2 型浪涌保护器。

Now that we’ve established that SPDs should be at the heart of a lightning protection system, it’s time to think about how to choose the right surge protection. Easier said than done. Here are some rules of thumb for how to choose a surge protection device (SPD):

1. Familiarize yourself with types, or categories, of SPDs.

2. Assess the risk of lightning strikes and discharge capacities.

3. Use the right devices to protect the surge protection itself.

To protect a distribution switchboard, you need only install a Type 2 SPD with discharge capacity In>5kA.(8/20).

1. 了解浪涌保护器的类型和类别

1. Understanding types and categories of surge protective devices

浪涌保护器根据其用途和在电气系统中的安装位置分为各种类型和类别。主要类别包括 1 型，2 型和 3 型浪涌保护器 (SPD)。

1 型浪涌保护器安装在电气系统的起始端，例如主配电盘，用于处理由直接雷击引起的高能量浪涌。2 型浪涌保护器通常用于配电开关柜，可防止残余浪涌和开关瞬态，因此是内部电气保护的理想选择。3 型浪涌保护器安装在敏感设备附近，可为电子设备提供低电平浪涌的保护。选择合适的类型取决于系统设计和所需的保护级别。

Surge protective devices are grouped into various types and categories according to their purpose and where they are installed within an electrical system. The main categories are Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3 SPDs.

Type 1 SPDs are installed at the start of the electrical system, like the main distribution board, and are built to manage high-energy surges caused by direct lightning strikes. Type 2 SPDs, which are commonly used at distribution switchboards, protect against residual surges and switching transients, making them ideal for internal electrical protection. Type 3 SPDs are installed close to sensitive equipment, offering fine protection for electronic devices from lower-level surges. Choosing the correct type depends on the system design and the level of protection needed.

2. 选择浪涌保护器时的风险评估

2. Risk assessment for choosing a surge protector

风险评估通常是一个复杂而细致的过程。一个好的起点是思考哪些区域风险最高，哪些区域风险最低。然后，可以考虑哪种浪涌保护器最适合计划保护的建筑物类型——例如，该建筑物是否只有一个入户配电盘。

闪电会击中地球表面90%的区域。闪电高发区位于热带陆地。几乎没有闪电的地区是北极和南极，紧随其后的是海洋，海洋的闪电频率仅为每年每平方公里0.1至1次。

然而，即使闪电密度（Ng）看起来风险不大，许多国家，例如法国，仍将Ng纳入国家标准NF C 15-100。事实上，闪电可能对电气装置造成危险，并且已被全球标准所考虑。

Assessing risk is generally a complex, painstaking process. A good starting point is to think about what kinds of areas are most and least at risk. You can then consider the type of SPD best suited to the kind of building you’re planning to protect – if it has a single service entry switchboard.

Lightning strikes 90% of the earth. The high lightning areas are on land located in the tropics. Areas with almost no lightning are the Arctic and Antarctic, closely followed by the oceans which have only 0.1 to 1 strikes/km2/yr.

However, even if the density of strikes (Ng) doesn’t look risky, many countries like France, for example, include Ng in its national standard NF C 15-100. Indeed lightning can be dangerous for your electrical installation and is taken into account by global standards.

风险评估的一两条建议

One or two tips for risk assessment

例如，可以使用欧洲标准 HD 60364-5-53。一些国家/地区强制要求在为大型和/或高度敏感的建筑物（例如工业设施、医院和数据中心）安装浪涌保护装置时使用此标准。

此外，请记住这条经验法则：始终安装 2 型浪涌保护器。如果浪涌保护器与被保护设备之间的距离超过 10 米，则应在被保护负载附近加装 2 型或 3 型浪涌保护器 (SPD)。

Use European HD 60364-5-53, for example. Some countries make it compulsory to use this standard when considering surge protection for big and/or highly sensitive buildings like industrial facilities, hospitals, and data centers.

Otherwise, bear this rule of thumb in mind: always install a Type 2 surge protection. If the distance between the surge protector and the equipment to be protected is greater than 10 meters, then add a Type 2 or Type 3 SPD, close to the load to be protected.

3. 保护浪涌保护装置

 Protect your surge protection devices

虽然浪涌保护器 (SPD) 不会跳闸，但仍可能出现以下几种导致其寿命终止的情况：

1. 由于浪涌保护器持续承受过大的电流（即使未超过其雷电防护能力），可能导致内部元件缓慢损坏，进而引发热失控。

浪涌保护器内部电子元件（压敏电阻）上的热熔断器会断开浪涌保护器。

2. 由于超过最大电流容量或配电网络 50Hz 以下的故障（例如，中性线断开、相线-中性线反接）导致短路。浪涌保护器由外部或集成短路保护装置（例如断路器）断开。

虽然可能需要选择外部断路器，但越来越多的制造商已将其集成在同一外壳内。

应该根据安装浪涌保护器的建筑物的短路电流选择合适的断路器。例如，对于住宅建筑，短路分断电流低于 6kA 的断路器较为合适。而对于办公楼，通常使用 15kA 或 20kA 的断路器。

然而，选择合适的断路器并非易事，在选择外部短路保护装置时需要考虑诸多参数（例如分断能力、耐雷电流能力以及与上游保护装置的协调性）。

Although SPDs don’t trip, the following end-of-life scenarios are possible:

1. Thermal runaway caused by the constant excessive constraints of an SPD not exceeding its lightning attributes could lead to the slow destruction of internal components.
The disconnection of the SPD is provided by a thermal fuse associated with the electronic components (MOVs) inside the SPD.

2. A short-circuit due to exceeding the maximum flow capacity or due to a fault under 50hz from the electrical distribution network (e.g., break of neutral, phase-neutral inversion). The disconnection of the SPD is provided by an external or integrated short circuit protection device like a circuit breaker, for example.

Although you may have to choose an external circuit breaker, more and more manufacturers incorporate them in the same enclosure.

You should choose a circuit breaker according to the short circuit current of the building where the SPD is installed. For example, a disconnection circuit breaker with a short-circuit breaking current lower than 6kA is suitable for a residential building. For an office, it is usually 15kA or 20kA.

But determining matches is a delicate business, many parameters need to be considered while selecting the external short-circuit protection (Breaking capacity, Lightning current withstand, Coordination with upstream protection)

浪涌保护器的最佳功率是多少？

What is the best wattage for a surge protector?

浪涌保护器的最佳功率取决于连接设备的总功耗。通常，为了确保足够的保护，应选择额定功率高于总功耗的浪涌保护器。

The best wattage for a surge protector depends on the total power consumption of your connected devices. Typically, choose a surge protector with a higher wattage rating than your total consumption to ensure adequate protection.

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